Research Summaries: Peas in Livestock Diets

September, 2004

INTRODUCTION

This publication contains comprehensive summaries of research trials conducted with peas for poultry, swine, ruminants and aquaculture. It is the second edition, the first being completed in 1998. The summaries are accompanied by an extensive database, listing pulse and canola research for all species of livestock. Both the database and summaries are an effort to enhance the knowledge of livestock producers, animal scientists, nutritionists and all interested parties on the use of peas as a feed ingredient.

Due to the volume of literature cited here (>3000 technical papers), a complete reference list was not included. Rather, references are available on the Internet at the Pulse-Canola Feed Literature Database (www.infoharvest.ca/pcd). Within the database each reference can be located, complete with title, full author listings, source and in most cases an abstract. Reprints of articles can be ordered.

Funding for this project was provided by the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers.

Disclaimer

The following reviews are meant to enhance current knowledge on the feeding of peas to livestock.Ý Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within, however the authors assume no responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, omissions or inconsistencies.Ý It is the responsibility of the reader to use their best judgement in applying this knowledge as no warranty or guarantee is implied or given.

Table of Abbreviations
SECTION 1: COMPOSITION OF PEAS
  I. Nutrient Composition of Peas
SECTION 2: POULTRY
II.The Use of Peas in Poultry Diets
IINutrient specifications of Canadian Peas for poultry
1.aMoisture
1.bCrude Protein
1.b.iProtein digestibility
1.cFibre
1.dStarch
1.d.iStarch digestibility
1.eMinerals
1.fEnergy values
1.gAmino acids in feed peas
c.Fibrous Components
6.Improving the Nutritional Value of Peas
a.Heat Processing
b.Grinding
c.Pelleting
d.Dehulling
e.Genetic Selection
f.Enzymes
7.Conclusion
Endnotes
II.The Use of Canola Products in Poultry Diets
A.Canola Meal
1.Nutrient Specifications of Canola Meal for Poultry
a.Quality Control Analysis
2.Feeding Canola Meal to Broilers and Turkeys
3.Feeding Canola Meal to Breeding Birds
4.Feeding Canola Meal to Laying Hens
5.Feeding Canola Meal to Geese
6.Fibre and Poultry Rations
7.Glucosinolates and Poultry Rations
8.Tannins, Sinapines and Oligosaccharides
9.Improving the Nutritional Value of Canola Meal
a.Fibre Reduction
b.Enzyme Supplementation
c.Genetic Selection
d.Copper and Iodine
e.Heat Treatment
f.Ammoniation
g.Water Extraction
10.Conclusion
B.Canola Oil
1.Nutritional Aspects of Canola Oil for Poultry
2.Nutrient Specifications of Canola Oil for Poultry
3.Feeding Canola Oil to Broilers and Turkeys
4.Feeding Canola Oil to Layers
5.Specialty Applications of Canola Oil
C.Full-Fat Canola Seed
1.Nutritional Aspects of Full-Fat Canola
2.Nutrient Specifications of Full-Fat Canola Seed
3.Feeding Full-fat Canola to Broilers and Turkeys
4.Feeding Full-fat Canola Seed to Laying and Breeding Hens
Endnotes
SECTION 3: PIGS
I.The Use of Peas in Pig Diets
1.Nutritional Assessment of Peas
1.1Amino Acid and Protein Digestibility of Peas
a.Pea Protein Concentrate and Isolate
1.2Energy Digestibility of Peas for Pigs
1.3Mineral Availability
1.4Antinutritional Factors
a.Trypsin Inhibitors
b.Lectins & Saponins
c.Effects of ANF on pig performance
d.Antigencity of pea proteins
1.5Pigments
2.0The Effect of Peas on the Performance of Pigs
2.1Growth Performance of Weanling Pigs Fed Peas
2.2Growth Performance of Grower-Finisher Pigs Fed Peas
a.Pea Screenings
b.Whole Crop Peas
2.3Sow Performance
3.0Carcass Composition of Pigs Fed Peas
4.0Conclusion
II.The Use of Canola in Pig Diets
A.Canola Meal
1.0Nutritional Assessment of Canola Meal
1.1Amino Acid and Protein Digestibility
1.2Energy Digestibility
1.3Minerals
1.4Vitamins
1.5Glucosinolates
1.6Sinapine and Tannins
2.0Feeding Canola Meal to Pigs
2.1Effect of Glucosinolates
a. Effects on Market Pig Performance
b. Effects on Pig Reproductive and Prenatal Performance
c. Elimination of Glucosinolate Effects
2.2Impact of Canola Meal on Feed Intake
2.3Growth and Feed Conversion of Pigs Fed Canola Meal
3.0Meat Quality and Carcass Composition of Pigs Fed Canola Meal
4.0Conclusion
B.Canola Oil
1.0Nutritional Specifications of Canola Oil
2.0Benefits of Canola Oil on Animal Performance
3.0Effect of Canola Oil on Animal Pathology
4.0Meat Quality and Carcass Composition of Pigs Fed Canola Oil
C.Full Fat Canola
1.0Nutrient Digestibility of Full Fat Canola
2.0Pig Performance on Full Fat Canola Seed
2.1Grower- Finisher Performance on Full Fat Canola
2.2Feeding Full Fat Canola to Sows and Piglets
3.0Meat Quality and Carcass Composition of Pigs Fed Full Fat Canola Seed
4.0Conclusion
D.Canola Presscake and By-Products
SECTION 4: RUMINANTS
I.The Use of Peas in Ruminant Diets
Pea Composition Relative to Ruminants
Peas as a Source of Protein in Milk Replacers for Holstein Calves
Feeding Peas to Weaned Calves
Feeding Peas to Dairy Cattle
Performance
Feed Intake
Milk yield
Milk composition
Fat
Protein
Feeding Peas to Dairy Cattle and the Effects on the Rumen
pH
Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations (VFA)
Feeding Peas to Beef Cattle
Feeding peas to other ruminants
Pea Carbohydrate and Protein Fractions and the Effect of Processing
Moist Heat Treatment
Micronizing Pea Meal
Extrusion
Improving Pea Nutrition with Supplements and Breeding
Supplements: Addition of Formaldehyde to High Protein Legumes
Breeding: Genetics
The Feeding Value of Peas as Forage, Silage, Straw and Screenings
Silage
Forages
Straw
Pea Screenings
Conclusion
Endnotes
II.The Use of Canola in Ruminant Diets
Introduction
Canola Meal
Chemical composition of Canola Meal
Protein
Fiber
Energy
Glucosinolates (GL)
Processes that Reduce the Glucosinolate Content
Chemical Composition, Digestibility and Performance of High and Low Fiber Canola Meal
The Value of Canola Meal as a Feedstuff for Ruminants
Feeding Canola Meal to Beef Cattle
Feeding Canola Meal to Calves
Feeding Canola Meal to Grower/Finisher Cattle
Steer and Bull Performance
Effect on Carcass Traits
Feeding Canola Meal to Cows and Heifers
Canola Meal in Dairy Rations
Effect on Feed Intake
Effect on Milk Yield and Composition
Effect on Milk Quality
Effects on Physiological and Reproductive Parameters
Feeding Canola Meal to Sheep
Rumen Degradation of Canola Products
Rumen Degradability of Canola Meal
Kinetic Parameters
Effective Degradability
Intestinal and Total Tract Digestibility of Canola Meal
Amino Acid Digestibility
Processing to Increase the Nutritive Value of Canola Meal
Moist Heat Treatment
Formaldehyde Treatment
Acid Treatment of Canola Meal
Lignosulfate
Canola Oil in Dairy Rations
Chemical Composition of Canola Oil
Performance of Dairy Cattle
Effect on Intake
Effect on Milk Yield and Composition
Milk Fatty Acid Composition
The Rumen and Canola Oil
Effect on Digestion
Intestinal and Total Tract Digestibility of Canola Oil
Protection of Canola Oil
Canola Oil and Canola Soapstocks in Calf Milk Replacers
Whole Canola Seed Canola (WCS), Presscake (PC), Screenings and Canola Hulls
Chemical Composition of Whole Canola Seed (WCS) and Presscake (PC)
Effect on Feed Intake and Diet Digestibility
Effect on Milk Yield and Composition
Rumen Degradability
Beef Studies
Presscake
Canola Hulls
Canola Screenings
Rapeseed Silage and Forage
Conclusion
Endnotes


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