2. Nutrient Specifications of Canola Oil for Poultry
Moisture is the main contaminant of concern with canola oil because it dilutes the high caloric value of this energy source and hastens the process of oxidation. All fat sources should be purchased on a guaranteed moisture basis and analyzed periodically as part of the feed manufacturing quality control program. Other minor constituents and mineral elements of canola oil are listed in Table 7.
Another study (Ferrari et al.1996 {310}) measured fatty acid levels in crude and degummed canola oils and the values for both were similar to those shown in Table 8.
Studies analyzing the ME values of canola oil are
summarized in Table 9. The apparent availability of soybean oil,
with a similarly low saturated and free fatty acid content, was
reduced little by chick age (7.5 vs 1.5 weeks) or level of dietary
inclusion (0, 40, 80 or 120 g kg-1) (Wiseman and Salvador,
1991 (endnote); therefore, the ME values indicated should be
useful for most age groups of poultry.
| Table 7. Mineral elements and minor constituents and of crude and degummed canola oil. | |||||
| Analyzed component | Crude | Water-degummed | Acid-degummed | ||
| Phosphorus (ppm) b | 1190 | 222 | 117 | ||
| Iron (ppm) b | 3.52 | 1.32 | 0.63 | ||
| Calcium (ppm) b | 296 | 169 | 35 | ||
| Sulfur (ppm) b | 6.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | ||
| Zinc (ppm) b | 2.4 | 2.1 | - | ||
| Lead (ppm) b | 0.24 | - | - | ||
| Phospholipids b | 1 - 1.5% | 100 - 250 ppm | 10 - 50 ppm | ||
|
Free Fatty Acids b | 0.4 - 1.0% | ||||
| Unsaponifiables (Tocopherol, Sterols) b | 0.5 - 1.2% | ||||
| a-tocopherol (mg/100g) c | 37.3 | 28.5 | |||
| b-tocopherol (mg/100g) a | 1.8 | 1.2 | |||
| g-tocopherol (mg/100g) a | 91.7 | 79.7 | |||
| d-tocopherol (mg/100g) c | 5.2 | 5.3 | |||
a As adapted by Diosady et al. (1983), and Elson et al. (1979) in {2061}. b Mag, 1994 {2062}.
c Reference does
not state which degumming process used (Ferrari et al.
1996 {310}; Przybylski, unpublished in {2061}
| Table 8. Fatty acid profile of canola oil. | |||||||||||
| C14:0 | C16:0 | C18:0 | C20:0 | C22:0 | C16:1 | C18:1 | C20:1 | C22:1 | C18:2n-6 | C18:3n-3 | |
| Fatty acid (w/w%) a | 0.1 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 60.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 20.1 | 9.6 |
a As adapted by Ackman
(1990){2061}.
| Table 9. Scientific determinations of the energy value of canola oil. | ||
| Reference | Technique | Nutrient Value |
| Valdes & Leeson, 1994 {345} | Total collection AMEn in adult male SCWL | AMEn = 9454 kcal/kg |
|
Lee et al. 1995 {326} | Total collection AMEn and TMEn in adult male SCWL | AMEn = 8250 kcal/kg
TMEn = 8460 kcal/kg |